I am wondering how you, after reading all those Reformed systematic theologies, don't know that the biblical doctrine of the atonement isn't penal?? From Genesis to Revelation, the atonement is revealed as being a forensic (legal) matter. The entire OT sacrificial system is based upon the law, its transgression and penalty upon those who don't keep it perfectly, etc. etc. There is an entire section on The Highway website dedicated to this subject HERE. Among the many articles there are several which address the "penal" aspect of the atonement, e.g., Packer's article, The Logic of Penal Substitution. grin


[Linked Image]

simul iustus et peccator

[Linked Image]